What to Look for When Choosing Steel Pipes?

Steel pipes come in many types according to different classifications. We have carbon steel, black steel, alloys, and stainless steel as per chemical composition. According to the manufacturing process, steel pipes can be seamless and welded.

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Welded steel pipes are manufactured using electric resistance welding (ERW), high-frequency induction welding (HFI), or longitudinal submerged arc welding (LSAW). Steel pipes are also categorized with respect to their properties against corrosion. Stainless steel and black steel are types with inherent corrosion-resistant surfaces, galvanized or painted steel depending on their coatings, such as molten zinc or paint.

Basically, knowing the application or use of the material should be enough to decide what kind of steel pipes to choose or buy. It should be straightforward: purchasing a thick-walled pipe when dealing with high pressures, choosing galvanized or stainless when a steel pipe will be used in a highly corrosive environment, or going seamless for liquid line projects.

However, choosing steel pipe is never simple, especially for significant investments, critical infrastructures, and wherever we wish for the best return value out of our hard-earned money. Project or investment value is not just the totality of the construction cost but the summary of all expenditures throughout its service life, including maintenance costs.

Whether intended for piping, automotive, general construction, or other industries, narrowing the list of appropriate steel pipes requires a closer look and comprehension of their qualities. Below tabulation of crucial information may be of help.

Background

Carbon Steel - Accounts for 90% of total steel production. It is considered the most cost-effective steel pipe due to its relatively affordable iron and carbon elements.

Galvanized Steel - Known as the most durable steel pipe in the market

Black Steel - Considered the most highly stable structured steel pipe

Alloy - It has alloying elements that make steel lighter, sturdier, and more resistant to stress and pressure and also has enhanced weldability and ductility

Stainless Steel - Stainless steel pipes are widely known for their considerable corrosion resistance and aesthetic appearance

Chemical Components

Carbon Steel – Alloys of carbon and iron, containing up to about 2% carbon and up to 1.65% manganese by weight

Galvanized Steel – Same components of ferrous steels. They can be iron or steel.

Black Steel – Has low-grade carbon content.

Alloy – Alloying elements like nickel, chromium, manganese, copper, vanadium, molybdenum, silicon, tungsten, and many more, amounting to 1 to 50% by weight

Stainless Steel - Contains between 10 to 20% chromium – the element that prevents corrosion; and a maximum of 0.1 to 1% of carbon. It also contains manganese, silicon, nickel, and molybdenum.

Production Process

Carbon Steel - Seamless or Welded

Galvanized Steel - Seamless or Welded

Black Steel - Seamless or Welded

Alloy - Seamless or Welded

Stainless Steel - Seamless or Welded

Weight

Carbon Steel - 7.85 tons per cubic meter

Galvanized Steel - Weight of base material (iron or steel) + 15% due to zinc coating

Black Steel - 7.80 tons per cubic meter

Alloy - Reduces the weight of pure metals depending on what alloying elements are used.

Stainless Steel - 8.0 tons per cubic meter

Ideal Applications

Carbon Steel - Ideal for construction applications and other uses like liquid and gas lines under high temperatures, tools, ships, automobiles, and more

Galvanized Steel - Mainly used in the transportation of coal gas, steam, and water

2Equally excellent for a wide range of construction applications, including marine and weather-exposed environments

Black Steel – 1) Preferred in areas that demand high stability like liquid and gas transportation due to high strength and corrosion resistance.

- 2) They are also used in many construction applications

Alloy - *Generally utilized in the piping industry for extreme conditions, as well as in Oil and Gas and power generation, due to its toughness.*Alloy steel pipes also has numerous applications in the building and construction industry

Stainless Steel - Used in industries where corrosion and oxidation resistance are significant and require high strength, including ships energy, poles, water treatment, pharmaceutical, and Oil and Gas applications

Areas of Limitation

Carbon Steel - Not suitable for extreme conditions or high pressure

Galvanized Steel - 1) Not advisable to be used in gas lines because the zinc coating can clog the pipe when it begins to flake;

- 2) Later found to be unrecommended for water transportation due to the contamination developed after years of service.

Black Steel - Less suitable for applications requiring aesthetic appearance

Alloy - Occasions may be rare, but alloys are less recommended when excellent electrical or heat conductivity is required

Stainless Steel - Applications involving contact, friction, or abrasion should be avoided to maintain the integrity of the chromium layer that keeps the material rust and corrosion resistant

Strengths

Carbon Steel - It is a robust, high-strength, and shock-resistant metal. Unlike many other metals, it does not decay. Carbon steel pipe comes in various sizes, can be bent to curves, and may be utilized almost everywhere. This metal is frequently the most practical choice due to its strength, affordability, and safety.

Galvanized Steel - Galvanized steel pipes are designed to prevent rust and corrosion. Galvanization or zinc coating is less costly than other protective coating methods. It is highly durable; hence it can reach a service life beyond 50 years under normal conditions and at least 25 years under severe and extreme environments.

Black Steel - 1) These steel pipes are manufactured with increased tensile strength and productivity. Fluctuating pressures or shock pressures cannot bend or break them down. In other words, these pipes are shatterproof in transport and in-service; 2) Because of high strength, these pipes can come with thinner walls, maximizing inside diameter or carrying capacity; 3) Alloy steel pipes can prevent fires better than galvanized steel pipes.

Alloy - 1) Alloy steel pipes are corrosion-resistant;

2) have a higher percentage of ductility and weldability.

3) They can be lighter and have a higher melting point than other steel, which is a positive factor in the safety of buildings and structures against fire and seismic activities.

Stainless Steel - 1) Stainless steel pipes are corrosion-heat-impact resistant;

2) They are also favorable for the food industry since they have antimicrobial properties that are genuinely great for transporting food products in processing systems. *They are also easy to manufacture, install, and maintain. The flexibility of stainless steel makes it possible for manufacturers to generate custom-shaped pipes and pipe fittings. Stainless steel pipes are likewise easy to install, saving industries from lengthy preparation time.

Weak Points

Carbon Steel - It is more prone to rust compared to other steel. Because of its strength, it is more challenging to work with

Galvanized Steel - Galvanized steel pipes corrodes from inside out after some time, resulting in clogged lines and contamination of carried liquids, especially water.

Black Steel - Black steel pipes are not corrosion-resistant and are less attractive.

Alloy - Alloy steel pipes have lower strength compared to carbon steel

Stainless Steel - Stainless steel pipes are more expensive due to the integration of superior alloying materials and the complexity of manufacturing processes and types of machinery

Initial Cost

Carbon Steel - With anti-corrosion measures, the cost is higher compared to black steel pipe

Galvanized Steel - More expensive than iron and steel pipes due to the zinc coating provided

Black Steel - Considered the cheapest steel pipe.

Alloy - More costly compared to iron and steel pipes depending on the nature and quantities of alloying substances

Maintenance/Anti-Corrosion

Alloy - Maintenance is convenient and cheap

Stainless Steel - Maintenance is convenient and cheap.

Each classification and type of steel pipe has suitable areas of application, dominant features, and inferiorities.

Ultimately, choosing a suitable steel pipe is a matter of design priorities - what characteristics of steel pipe have the utmost importance, and what features are given with the slightest consideration? The building blocks of steel might be simply iron and carbon; however, alloying processes have allowed us to customize steel into desired properties that suit almost all extent and complexity of applications in metallurgy.

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ESC steel piping products have it all – steel piling pipes, combination walls, structural steel pipes, loading steel pipes, including corrosion protection solutions. ESC produces a wide range of steel pipes up to 4,267mm diameter and 100mm thickness by LSAW, SSAW, and ERW manufacturing processes.

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Choosing the correct steel grade is essential for the success of your project. Steel grades have different uses depending on the application, and a bad grade can result in poor performance, reduced durability, or even catastrophic failure.

When selecting a steel grade, factors such as strength, rust resistance, heat resistance, and weldability must be thought of carefully. To ensure quality and consistency, the intended use and environmental conditions should also be taken into account. For example, a project requiring high tensile strength might require a different grade than one needing excellent corrosion resistance.

With the right steel grade, you can ensure that your project will meet its intended purpose and provide long-lasting performance. Make sure to consult with a steel expert before starting a project. Make sure to consult with a steel expert before starting a project to discuss your specific needs and ensure you select the optimal grade for your application.

Specific Properties and Factors that Affect the Choice of Steel Grades

Project Requirements

• Strength and Durability

Strength and durability are the most important factors when selecting the steel type for your project area. Your project requirements will dictate the level of strength and durability that your steel must possess to withstand the intended conditions of use.

To determine the appropriate level of grading systems, think about the expected load-bearing capacity of the steel, the environmental conditions the steel will be exposed to, and the lifespan of the finished product.

For example, if your project involves constructing a bridge carrying heavy traffic, you’ll need high-strength steel to handle the weight without buckling or bending. If you’re building a fence or a railing, you may only need lower-strength steel that can provide sufficient durability and resistance to weathering.

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Other considerations that may impact your choice of steel grade include the required level of rust resistance, the ease of fabrication, and the cost-effectiveness of the steel.

At the end of the day, selecting the correct steel grade for your project requires careful analysis and consideration of all the relevant factors. Make sure that it is strong and performs reliably over time.

• Corrosion Resistance

You must think about the level of anti-corrosive property, especially if it will be exposed to harsh environmental conditions. Corrosion can cause structural damage, reduce the product’s lifespan, and increase maintenance costs. The level of rust-proof quality required will be determined by factors like moisture, salt water, and chemicals.

Galvanized steel is another option for corrosion resistance. It is coated with a layer of zinc that acts as a barrier against rust and corrosion. But, galvanized steel may not be suitable for products exposed to extremely corrosive environments.

Other common grades with high corrosion resistance include weathering steel, which forms a protective layer of rust over time, and aluminum, naturally corrosion resistant.

Consideration of the environmental conditions to which the metal will be exposed and selection of the one with the appropriate level of corrosion resistance is essential to ensuring the longevity and durability of the finished product.

• Temperature and Pressure

Think about the ability to withstand the temperature and pressure requirements of the application. Different steel grades have varying melting points and yield strengths, which can affect their performance in high-temperature or high-pressure environments.

For example, if you’re working on a project involving boilers, pressure vessels, or piping systems, you must choose a steel grade with high-temperature and high-pressure capabilities. Alloy and stainless steels are often used in these applications due to their excellent strength and durability at elevated temperatures.

Similarly, if your project involves cryogenic applications, you need a steel grade to maintain strength and flexibility at shallow temperatures. Low-temperature steels, such as those with nickel or manganese content, are often used in these applications.
Aside from the temperature and pressure requirements, think about factors like corrosion resistance, ease of fabrication, and cost-effectiveness when selecting a steel grade for your project.

Cost Considerations

• Raw Material Costs

When choosing the suitable steel grade for your project, raw material costs are a factor. Different steel grades have different raw material costs based on their composition and availability.

High-strength steel grades with alloying elements such as chromium, nickel, or molybdenum tend to be more expensive due to the cost of these materials. But, lower-strength steel grades with lower alloying elements tend to be more cost-effective.

Another factor that can impact raw material costs is the demand and availability of the steel grade. If a particular steel grade is in high demand, its raw material costs may be higher due to supply and demand.

When choosing the correct steel grade, it’s important to balance cost considerations with other factors, such as the project’s requirements, performance, and safety. While cost may be important, choosing a steel grade based on price alone can result in a suboptimal product.

• Fabrication Costs

Fabrication costs are another consideration when choosing the right steel grade for your project. Different steel grades require varying levels of fabrication processes, which can significantly impact the project’s overall cost.

For example, high-strength steel grades may require more specialized equipment and processes, which can increase fabrication costs. Conversely, lower-strength steel grades may be easier to work with, resulting in lower fabrication costs.

Other factors that can impact fabrication costs. Projects with complex designs or tight tolerances may require more skilled labor and specialized equipment, resulting in higher fabrication costs.

When choosing the correct steel grade, it’s a good idea to balance fabrication costs with other factors, such as the project’s requirements, performance, and safety. While cost may be critical, choosing a steel grade based solely on fabrication costs can result in a suboptimal product.

Availability

• Local Availability

Local availability can help you choose the correct steel grade for your project. Depending on your location, some steel grades may be more readily available than others.

Working with steel grades that are locally available can save time and reduce transportation costs. But, make sure that the chosen steel grade meets the project’s requirements and specifications.

Local availability may not be an issue, particularly for large-scale projects. However, for smaller projects or those with unique specifications, think about the availability of the chosen steel grade.

• Lead Time

Lead time is also something you should be aware of. Some steel grades may have longer lead times than others, affecting project timelines and deadlines.

Factors such as availability, production capacity, and transportation can all impact lead times for different steel grades. It’s necessary to think about lead times when planning your project and selecting the correct steel grade.

Working with steel suppliers with a track record of meeting deadlines can help ensure timely project completion. It’s also important to communicate project timelines and deadlines with your supplier to ensure they can meet your needs.

You must also manage lead time. Any project manager will tell you of past disasters. When a deadline is delayed, it causes a ripple effect, like falling dominoes, as each deadline behind it is pushed further and further away.

• Supply Chain Considerations

When choosing the steel for your project, you must think about the supply chain. This can help you avoid potential disruptions and delays.

Production location, transportation routes, and inventory levels can all impact the supply chain of different steel grades. It’s better to work with suppliers with a reliable supply chain to ensure timely delivery and avoid potential issues.

Think about any potential risks to the supply chain, such as natural disasters or geopolitical events. If you understand the potential threats and developing contingency plans, you can address any disruptions to the supply chain.

Four Main Types of Steel and Their Different Uses

Carbon Steel

Low Carbon Steel

Low-carbon steel is commonly used with less than 0.25%. This steel grade has excellent weldability and formability, making it the choice for construction, auto, and machinery.

Due to its lower carbon content, low-carbon steel is also more ductile and has better machinability than higher-carbon steel. It’s also more economical, making it ideal for projects with tight budgets.

But, low-carbon steel has lower strength and hardness than higher-carbon steel, making it less suitable for applications that require high strength and durability. So, think about the specific requirements of your project and choose the steel grade accordingly. Low-carbon steel is a versatile and cost-effective steel grade used in different applications.

Medium Carbon Steel

Medium carbon steel is a steel grade with a carbon content ranging from 0.3% to 0.6%. This steel grade balances strength and toughness, making it suitable for gears, axles, and crankshaft applications.

Medium carbon steel has higher strength and hardness than low carbon steel but is less ductile and more difficult to weld.

One advantage of medium carbon steel is its excellent machinability, which makes it easier to cut, drill, and machine. This steel grade can also be heat-treated to improve strength and hardness.

High Carbon Steel

High carbon tool steel is a steel grade with an amount of carbon ranging from 0.6% to 1.4%. This steel grade offers high strength and hardness, making it suitable for cutting tools, knives, and springs.

Due to its content, high-carbon steel is brittle and less ductile than lower-carbon steel. It’s also more difficult to weld and form. But, it can be heat treated to improve its strength and hardness.

High-carbon steel is often used in applications that require high wear resistance and durability.  High carbon steel is a specialized steel grade that can perform excellently in specific applications.

Applications of Carbon Steel

Carbon steel is a widely used steel grade due to its versatility and affordability. It is used in various industries, including construction, and some of its standard applications include structural components, fasteners, pipelines, and machinery parts.

Carbon steel’s strength and durability make it an excellent choice for structural applications, such as building frames and bridges. Its high tensile strength and low cost make it a popular choice for manufacturing applications.

Carbon steel is often used in the car industry for body panels, suspension components, and exhaust systems. It’s also used in hand tools, knives, and blades due to its hardness and wear resistance.

Alloy Steel

Types of Alloy Steel

Alloy steel contains elements other than iron and carbon, such as manganese, silicon, nickel, copper, and chromium. These added elements enhance the properties of the steel, making it more robust, durable, and corrosion-resistant.

There are several types of steel and alloy, each with its unique properties and applications. Here are a few examples:

1. Low alloy steel: This type contains less than 5% of other elements, making it less expensive and more readily available. It is used in bridges and buildings.
2. High-strength low alloy steel (HSLA): HSLA steel contains small amounts of alloying elements, making it strong and lightweight. It is in the auto and aerospace industries, as well as in construction.
3. Chromium-molybdenum steel: This type of alloy steel contains chromium and molybdenum, which enhance its strength and corrosion resistance. It is commonly used in pressure vessels, such as boilers and storage tanks.
4. Nickel-chromium-molybdenum steel: This type of alloy steel contains nickel, chromium, and molybdenum, making it highly resistant to corrosion and oxidation at high temperatures. It is commonly used in chemical processing and power generation.

When choosing the correct steel grade for your project, think about the specific application and the required properties of the steel. Alloy steel is an excellent choice for projects that require strength, durability, and corrosion resistance. But, you should still consult a professional to determine the best alloy steel type for your project.

Applications of Alloy Steel

Alloy steel contains a higher percentage of elements other than iron and carbon. These additional elements are usually chosen to impart specific characteristics such as increased strength, corrosion resistance, or improved weldability.

One common application of alloy steel is in constructing pipelines and pressure vessels. Adding elements such as chromium, molybdenum, and nickel makes these materials more resistant to corrosion and high-pressure environments.

Alloy steel is also used in the production of aircraft and aerospace components. The high strength-to-weight ratio of some alloys makes them ideal for structural components, while others are chosen for their resistance to high temperatures and wear.

Gears, axles, and drive shafts are among the applications of this kind of steel. Elements such as vanadium and tungsten can improve the strength and durability of these components. Meanwhile, other alloys are chosen for their ability to withstand high temperatures and extreme environments.

Stainless Steel

Types of Stainless Steel

Stainless steel is a choice for industrial and commercial applications. There are types of stainless steel grades, each with its unique properties and characteristics.

Austenitic stainless steel is a different type of steel. This type of steel is non-magnetic and has excellent weldability, making it ideal for use in the construction of tanks, steel pipes, and pressure vessels.

Another popular type is ferritic stainless steel, known for its high resistance to corrosion and oxidation. This steel is used in exhaust systems of vehicles, heat exchangers, and other high-temperature applications.

Martensitic stainless steel is a high-strength steel often used in applications where wear resistance and hardness are important factors. This type of steel is found in producing cutlery, surgical instruments, and industrial equipment.

Duplex stainless steel combines the benefits of austenitic and ferritic stainless steel. Its high strength and resistance to corrosion make it commonly used in producing chemical processing equipment, oil and gas pipelines, and other high-pressure applications.

Applications of Stainless Steel

Stainless steel is a versatile material used in various industrial and commercial applications. Its resistance to corrosion, durability, and aesthetic appeal make it a popular choice for many projects.

One common application of stainless steel is in producing kitchen appliances and utensils. Its hygienic properties and resistance to corrosion make it ideal for food preparation and storage.

Another common use of stainless steel is in constructing architectural features such as building facades, handrails, and elevator interiors. Its aesthetic appeal and durability make it a popular choice for these projects.

Stainless steel is also commonly used in the production of medical equipment and devices due to its high level of cleanliness and resistance to corrosion. It is often used to produce surgical instruments, dental equipment, and implants.

In the automotive industry, stainless steel products include exhaust systems, mufflers, and other components due to their resistance to heat and corrosion.

Understanding Steel Grade Designations

American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI) Designations

Examples of AISI Designations

The American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI) is a widely recognized organization that establishes standards for the steel industry. AISI designations are commonly used to classify steel based on its chemical composition and mechanical properties.

One example of an AISI designation is , a chromium-molybdenum alloy steel. This steel type is commonly used to produce shafts, gears, and other machine parts that require high strength and wear resistance.

Another AISI designation is 304 stainless steel, a commonly used austenitic stainless steel known for its corrosion resistance. This steel is often used to produce kitchen appliances, piping, and architectural features.

AISI designations are also used to classify carbon steels, such as AISI and AISI . These steels are commonly used to produce machine parts and structural components.

It’s important to note that AISI designations are just one way to classify different grades of steel, and other organizations may use different designations or classification systems.

Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) Designations

Examples of SAE Designations

The Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) is a professional organization that develops standards for the automotive industry. SAE designations are commonly used to classify based on their chemical composition and mechanical properties.

One example of an SAE designation is , which is low-carbon steel.  Another example of an SAE designation is , a chromium-molybdenum alloy steel.

Stainless steels are also classified using SAE designations, with examples such as SAE 304 and SAE 316. The production of automotive exhaust systems and other high-temperature applications commonly uses these steel types.

Unified Numbering System (UNS) Designations

Examples of UNS Designations

Other Designations

Choosing the right steel grade is a big deal for any project’s success. Think about factors like strength, corrosion resistance, temperature and pressure requirements, cost, and availability. Talking to an expert is always a good idea, but doing your own research beforehand helps too. By looking into these things, you can make sure your project lasts a long time, works the way it should, and most importantly, is safe. Remember that different steel grades have unique properties, so matching the right steel to your specific application is necessary.

Frequently Asked Questions

Why Does Steel Grade Matter?

Selecting the appropriate steel grade impacts the performance, durability, and cost of your project. For instance, a high-strength steel may be needed for a bridge, while a more corrosion-resistant grade may be suitable for use in a chemical plant.

How Do I Determine the Right Steel Grade for My Project?

Start by identifying the requirements of your project, such as load-bearing capacity, corrosion resistance, and welding capabilities. Once you have these details, consult various standards like ASTM, AISI, or EN to find a matching steel grade. It’s also a good idea to consult experts in the field for additional insights.

Can I Use Multiple Steel Grades in One Project?

Yes, using multiple steel grades is not uncommon, especially for complex structures. Different sections may have varying requirements, making it advisable to use the most suitable steel grade for each specific purpose.

 Are There Any Downsides to Picking a Higher-Grade Steel?

Higher-grade steels generally come at a higher cost and may require specialized handling or fabrication techniques. For instance, some high-grade steels are not as easily weldable as lower grades. So, using a higher-grade steel when unnecessary can lead to unnecessary expenses and complications.

 Is Recycled Steel of Lesser Quality?

Not necessarily. Recycled steel often undergoes rigorous processing to restore its properties, making it comparable to virgin steel in many applications. It’s also a more environmentally friendly option.

References

1. American Iron and Steel Institute. (n.d.). Steel Industry Glossary. https://www.steel.org/steel-industry/glossary.aspx
2. Engineering Toolbox. (). Steel Grades – Properties and Global Standards. https://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/steel-grades-d_.html
3. Metal Supermarkets. (). How to Choose the Right Steel Grade. https://www.metalsupermarkets.com/how-to-choose-the-right-steel-grade/
4. Society of Automotive Engineers. (n.d.). SAE Steel Grades. https://www.sae.org/standards/content/j403_/
5. Unified Numbering System. (n.d.). UNS Numbering System. https://www.unsnumber.com/

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